Bilateral Counterparty Risk with Application to Credit Default Swaps

Damiano Brigo and Agostino Capponi

Contents

Introduction

Preface to Chapter 1

1.

Being Two-Faced over Counterparty Credit Risk

2.

Risky Funding: A Unified Framework for Counterparty and Liquidity Charges

3.

DVA for Assets

4.

Pricing CDSs’ Capital Relief

5.

The FVA Debate

6.

The FVA Debate: Reloaded

7.

Regulatory Costs Break Risk Neutrality

8.

Risk Neutrality Stays

9.

Regulatory Costs Remain

10.

Funding beyond Discounting: Collateral Agreements and Derivatives Pricing

11.

Cooking with Collateral

12.

Options for Collateral Options

13.

Partial Differential Equation Representations of Derivatives with Bilateral Counterparty Risk and Funding Costs

14.

In the Balance

15.

Funding Strategies, Funding Costs

16.

The Funding Invariance Principle

17.

Regulatory-Optimal Funding

18.

Close-Out Convention Tensions

19.

Funding, Collateral and Hedging: Arbitrage-Free Pricing with Credit, Collateral and Funding Costs

20.

Bilateral Counterparty Risk with Application to Credit Default Swaps

21.

KVA: Capital Valuation Adjustment by Replication

22.

From FVA to KVA: Including Cost of Capital in Derivatives Pricing

23.

Warehousing Credit Risk: Pricing, Capital and Tax

24.

MVA by Replication and Regression

25.

Smoking Adjoints: Fast Evaluation of Monte Carlo Greeks

26.

Adjoint Greeks Made Easy

27.

Bounding Wrong-Way Risk in Measuring Counterparty Risk

28.

Wrong-Way Risk the Right Way: Accounting for Joint Defaults in CVA

29.

Backward Induction for Future Values

30.

A Non-Linear PDE for XVA by Forward Monte Carlo

31.

Efficient XVA Management: Pricing, Hedging and Allocation

32.

Accounting for KVA under IFRS 13

33.

FVA Accounting, Risk Management and Collateral Trading

34.

Derivatives Funding, Netting and Accounting

35.

Managing XVA in the Ring-Fenced Bank

36.

XVA: A Banking Supervisory Perspective

37.

An Annotated Bibliography of XVA

In the valuation space, bilateral features are quite relevant for counterparty risk and often can be responsible for seemingly paradoxical statements. For example, Citigroup in its press release on the first quarter 2009 revenues11See http://www.citigroup.com/citi/news/2009/090417a.htm. reported a positive mark-to-market due to its worsened credit quality:

Revenues also included… a net $2.5 billion positive CVA [credit valuation adjustment] on derivative positions, excluding monolines, mainly due to the widening of Citi’s CDS [credit default swap] spreads.

In this chapter we explain precisely how such a situation may originate. Previous research on arbitrage-free valuation of counterparty risk adjustments (or CVAs) with dynamical models for commodities, rates and credit (see Brigo and Chourdakis (2009) for a summary and references) assumed the party computing the valuation adjustment to be default-free. Bielecki and Rutkowski (2001) present a formula for vulnerable claims with bilateral risk, but focus on the application to interest rate swaps.

We introduce here the general arbitrage-free valuation framework for CVAs in the presence of bilateral default risk, including

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